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They do! At least in part, according to our new study. The study is based on teacher evaluations of principals' instructional leadership from almost 2000 Swedish schools between 2013 and 2021. The results show that principals' leadership in part improves final-year pupils' grades through fostering teacher collaboration, and that teacher collaboration is less important for test scores than principal leadership is.

These relationships appear as differences between schools, while change in schools seemed difficult to achieve. An important conclusion is that to understand leadership in schools, we need to study both principals and teachers together, to understand their impact on pupils and school performance.